Archaeologists Discover Rare Circular Temple in Egypt Dating Back 2,200 Years

Archaeologists have uncovered a strange, perfectly circular ancient Egyptian temple, that might have been used for sacred water rituals 2,200 years ago.

Located in the ancient port city of Pelusium, southeast of modern-day Port Said, the round temple centres on a huge water basin about 35 metres (115 ft) across.

Researchers discovered that this structure is actually connected to the Nile by a system of water channels and reservoirs.

This suggests the temple may have been used to worship the Egyptian river deity Pelusius in elaborate ceremonies.

At the centre of the temple’s water basin is a large, square pedestal, which experts believe once held a statue of the god.

Pelusius is described as a ‘shadowy figure’ in ancient mythology, who emerges out of the mingling of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman beliefs.

His name comes from the Greek word ‘pelos’, which translates to ‘mud’ or ‘silt’, but almost no evidence about the deity has survived.

Egyptologist Dr Steve Harvey, of the Archaeological Institute of America, told The Art Newspaper: ‘If this Roman-era cult structure can be confirmed to be dedicated to the city god Pelusius, it would be a stunning example of the presence of a temple for a deity previously attested only in Classical sources.’

Archaeologists first uncovered the round temple structure in 2019, according to the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.

When around a quarter of the structure had been revealed, the researchers thought they had found the city’s sennett house – the centre of political organisation.

However, as more of the round building emerged from the earth, this interpretation began to change.

Soon, archaeologists uncovered the network of waterways that connected the sanctuary with a tributary of the Nile.

Hisham Hussein, the head of Egypt’s Central Department for Maritime Antiquities and Sinai, who supervised the excavation, said in a statement: ‘Ongoing excavation and comparative studies have completely changed our understanding [of the site].

‘We now know this was a sacred water installation used in religious rituals, not a political structure.’

The Nile and its yearly pattern of floods would have had immense religious and practical importance for the people of this region.

Every year, the river burst its banks, submerging vast areas with silty water that retreated to leave behind rich, fertile sediment – perfect for growing crops.

The Nile was so important that the Egyptian people even assigned the river its own god: Hapi.

Inside the temple, researchers found evidence of Nile silt and areas to collect water, confirming its symbolic connection with the river.

The temple’s unique construction also reveals the complex history of conquest and colonisation between the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilisations.

The bustling city of Pelusium was founded sometime around 800 BC on previously submerged land on the Eastern edge of the Nile Delta.

Located just before the river branches into tributaries that wind down to the Mediterranean Sea, the city occupied a critical strategic position that was ideal for trade.

The Egyptian Pharaohs built it up to be a fortress city, the Greeks and Persian empires attempted to capture it, and the Ptolemaic rulers used it as a customs station to connect their empire with the wider world.

Eventually, the city was absorbed by the sprawl of the Roman Empire and converted into a provincial capital.

The city’s unique architecture and mish-mash of styles bear the distinctive marks of each generation of influence.